PhD Thesis
PhD Defences
This page provides an overview of PhD defences at Reykjavík University, organised by department and year. You will find key information on research topics and fields.
Department of Computer Science
2025
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stian Lybech | A Type-Theoretic Approach to Smart-Contract Safety | 2025 | Dr. Luca Aceto | Dr. Mohammad Adnan Hamdaqa | Computer Science |
| Steinunn Gróa Sigurðardóttir | Living with Technology: Digital Mental Health & Patient Flourishing | 2025 | Dr. Anna Sigríður Islind | Dr. María Óskarsdóttir | Computer Science |
| Maxime Roland ené Flin | Distributed Vertex Coloring in Bandwidth Constrained Models | 2025 | Dr. Magnús Már Halldórsson | Computer Science | |
| Luka Biedebach | New Pathways for Unsupervised Machine Learning in Digital Health: Applications and Future Potentials for Sleep | 2025 | Dr. Anna Sigríður Islind | Dr. Erna Síf Arnardóttir | Computer Science |
| Lilja Guðrún Jóhannsdóttir | Ensuring Patient Safety through Digital Health Technologies | 2025 | Dr. Anna Sigríður Islind | Dr. Maria Oskarsdottir | Computer Science |
| Jón Friðrik Daðason | Language Representation Models for Low- and Medium-Resource Languages | 2025 | Dr. Hrafn Loftsson | Computer Science | |
| Joshua David Springer | Computational methods for autonomous multirotor drone landing | 2025 | Dr. Gylfi Þór Guðmundsson | Dr. Marcel Kyas | Computer Science |
| Ioana Visescu | Complicated, by Design: The Dynamic Use of a User-Centred Design Process | 2025 | Dr. Marta Kristín Lárusdóttir | Dr. Anna Sigriður Islind | Computer Science |
| Camillla Carpinelli | One Small Step for Customers, One Giant Leap for Food Systems: Analyzing Purchasing Trends for Increasing Sustainability and Reducing Food Waste | 2025 | Dr. María Óskarsdóttir | Dr. Anna Sigríður Islind | Computer Science |
| Bjarki Freyr Sveinbjarnarson | Scaling Data Governance Through Automation and Dynamic Data Spaces | 2025 | Dr. Anna Sigríður Islind | Dr. Erna Sif Arnardóttir | Computer Science |
| Benedikt Hólm Þórðarson | Bridging Human and Artificial Intelligence: Machine Learning, Data Platforms, and Decision Support Systems in Sleep Research | 2025 | Dr. María Óskarsdóttir | Dr. Erna Sif Arnardóttir | Computer Science |
2024
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aðalsteinn Pálsson | Explaining Intelligent Game-Playing Agents | 2024 | Dr. Yngvi Björnsson | Computer Science | |
| Arash Sheikhlar | Autonomous Causal Generalization | 2024 | Dr. Kristinn R. Thórisson | Computer Science | |
| Ilham Ahmed Qasse | Immutable Yet Mutable: Empirical Studies in Smart Contract Upgradeability | 2024 | Dr. Mohammad Hamdaqa | Dr. Björn Þór Jónsson | Computer Science |
| Nidia Guadalupe Lopez Flores | Learning about learning: unravelling interactions in higher education with learning analytics | 2024 | Dr. María Óskarsdóttir | Dr. Anna Sigríður Islind | Computer Science |
| Shalini Chakraborty | Systematic guidelines for software modelling: an empirical study on enhancing modelling education and training | 2024 | Dr. Grischa Liebel | Computer Science | |
| Jón Friðrik Daðason | Language Representation Models for Low- and Medium-Resource Languages | 2025 | Dr. Hrafn Loftsson | Computer Science |
2023
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duncan Paul-Attard | Runtime monitoring for asynchronous reactive components | 2023 | Dr. Adrian Francalanza, Professor, University of Malta, Malta | Dr. Luca Aceto and Dr. Anna Ingólfsdóttir | Computer Science |
| Emile Nadeau | Multivariate combinatorial exploration with regular strategies | 2023 | Dr. Henning Ulfarsson | Christian Bean, Examiner Postdoctoral Researcher, Reykjavík University | Computer Science |
| Giulio Mori | Platform for decoupling experience managers and environments | 2023 | Dr. David Thue, Ph.D. Adjunct Assistant Professor, Reykjavík University, Iceland Assistant Professor, Carleton University, Canada | Stephan Schiffel, Ph.D. Assistant Professor | Computer Science |
| Michelangelo Diamanti | Agora: Unified Framework for Crowd Simulation Research | 2023 | Dr. Hannes Högni Vilhjálmsson | Computer Science | |
| Raphael Reynouard | On learning stochastic models: from theory to practice | 2023 | Dr. Anna Ingólfsdóttir | Dr. Giovanni Bacci, Associate Professor, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark | Computer Science |
| Steinþór Steingrímsson | Effectively compiling parallel corpora for machine translation in resource-scarce conditions | 2023 | Dr. Hrafn Loftsson | Dr. Andy Way, Professor, Dublin City University, Ireland | Computer Science |
2022
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elli Anastasiadi | Syntactic approaches to negative results in process algebras and modal logics | 2022 | Dr. Luca Aceto | Dr. Anna Ingólfsdóttir | Computer Science |
2021
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ian Cassar | Developing theoretical foundations for runtime enforcement | 2021 | Dr. Adrian Francalanza, Malta, Dr. Luca Aceto & Dr. Anna Ingólfsdóttir | Computer Science |
2018
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian Nathaniel Bean | Finding structure in permutation sets | 2018 | Dr. Henning Ulfarsson | Anders Claesson, Professor, University of Iceland | Computer Science |
| Ehsan Khamespanah | Modeling, Verification, and Analysis of Timed Actor-Based Models | 2018 | Dr. Marjan Sirjani |
2016
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ali Jafari | Performance evaluation and model checking of probabilistic real-time actors | 2016 | Dr. Marjan Sirjani | Computer Science |
2015
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herwig Lejsek | NV-tree : a scalable disk-based high-dimensional index | 2015 | Dr. Björn Þór Jónsson | Computer Science |
2014
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eugen Ioan Goriac | Axiomatizations from Structural Operational Semantics: Theory and Tools | 2014 | Dr. Luca Aceto | Dr. Anna Ingólfsdóttir | Computer Science |
| Georgiana Caltais | Coalgebraic Tools for Bisimilarity and Decorated Trace Semantics | 2014 | Dr. Anna Ingólfsdóttir & Dr. Jan Rutten (Radboud University Nijmegen) | Dr. Luca Aceto | Computer Science |
| Kristján Valur Jónsson | The security properties of in-network aggregation | 2014 | Dr. Ymir Vigfusson | Dr. Mads Dam, KTH | Computer Science |
2013
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Helgi Páll Helgason | General Attention Mechanism for Artificial Intelligence Systems | 2013 | Dr. Kristinn R. Thórisson | Computer Science |
2012
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Matteo Cimini | Contributions to the meta-theory of structural operational semantics | 2012 | Dr. Luca Aceto | Dr. Anna Ingólfsdóttir | Computer Science |
2009
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elena Losievskaja | Approximation algorithms for independent set problems on hypergraphs | 2009 | Dr. Magnús Már Halldórsson | Computer Science |
Department of Engineering
2025
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hákon Valur Haraldsson | High Current Arc Modeling for Silicon Submerged Arc furnaces | 2025 | Dr. Guðrún Sævarsdóttir | Dr. Quinn Reynolds | Engineering |
| Riccardo Forni | Digital Transformation of Medical Imaging: from quantitative diagnostic to surgical training | 2025 | Dr. Paolo Gargiulo | Dr. Cristiana Corsi, Univ. of Bologna | Engineering |
| Jacopo Piccini | Model-Based Electrodermal Activity Sleep Events Detection Algorithm | 2025 | Dr. Eliahu August | Engineering | |
| Petre Manolescu | Net Carbon Consumption in Aluminum Electrolysis: Impact of Anode Properties and Reduction Cell-Operation Variables | 2025 | Dr. Guðrún Sævarsdóttir | Engineering | |
| Hugo Félicien Thomas Cazaux | Transformer-Based Timeseries Forecasting for Company Returns with Multi-Provider ESG Data | 2025 | Dr. Eyjólfur Ingi Ásgeirsson | Engineering | |
| Kamaljeet Singh | Nickel–Iron–Copper-Based Oxygen Evolving Anode for Low Temperature Aluminum Electrolysis | Dr. Guðrún Sævarsdóttir | Dr. Geir Martin Haarberg, Dr. Guðmundur Gunnarsson | Engineering | |
| Albert Alonso Villar | 2025 (embargo) | Dr. Hlynur Stefánsson | Dr. Eyjólfur Ingi Ásgeirsson, Dr. Ragnar Kristjánsson | Engineering | |
| Arnar Evgení Gunnarsson | 2025 (not yet published) | Dr. Paolo Gargiulo | Dr. Halldór Jónsson | Engineering | |
| Federica Kiyomi Ciliberti | Advancing Knee Osteoarthritis Assessment Using Novel Quantitative Imaging Features and Machine Learning | 2025 | Dr. Paolo Gargiulo | Dr. Halldór Jónsson | Engineering |
| Brynja Dögg Sigurpálsdóttir | 2025 (not yet published) | Dr. Bjarni V. Halldórsson | Engineering |
2024
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zakia Khatun | Advancing human soft tissue pathology assessment using artificial intelligence in medical imaging | 2024 | Dr. Paolo Gargiulo | Engineering | |
| Rachel Elizabeth Brophy | Molecular dynamics and sensing with low-cost organic-inorganic nanostructures | 2024 | Dr. Andrei Manolescu | Engineering | |
| Svana Helen Björnsdóttir | Risk analysis applied to integrate safety and security into systems design | 2024 | Dr. Páll Jensson | Engineering | |
| Deborah Cecelia Rose Jacob | Assessing neurophysiological conditions using a multimetric approach (BioVRSea) | 2024 | Dr. Paolo Gargiulo | Engineering | |
| Maxime Elliott Tullio Segal | Designing capital-ratio triggers for Contingent Convertibles | 2024 | Dr. Sverrir Ólafsson | Engineering |
2023
2022
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Magnus De Witt | Sustainable energy supply in rural arctic areas | 2022 | Dr. Hlynur Stefánsson | Engineering | |
| Níels Árni Árnason | Pathogen inactivation in platelet concentrate storage : effects on quality and utilization | 2022 | Dr. Ólafur Eysteinn Sigurjónsson | Engineering | |
| Snædís Kristmundsdóttir | Microsatellites; genotyping, mutation rate and effect on disease | 2022 | Dr. Bjarni V. Halldórsson | Engineering | |
| Kristján Óttar Klausen | Majorana zero modes in tubular nanowires | 2022 | Dr. Andrei Manolescu | Engineering | |
| Fabio Barollo | EEG-based investigation of cortical activity during Postural Control | 2022 | Dr. Paolo Gargiulo | Engineering |
2021
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shu Yang | Using scanning Doppler lidar to enhance aviation safety in Iceland | 2021 | Dr. David C. Finger | Dr. Sibylle von Löwis of Menar, Supervisor, Weather observation networks group leader, Icelandic Meteorological Office; Dr. Guðrún Nína Petersen, Supervisor, Atmospheric Scientist, Icelandic Meteorological Office | Engineering |
| Þóra Björg Sigmarsdóttir | Modelling metabolomic changes in human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells during oesteogenic differentiation via genome scale metabolic models to further their use in regenerative medicine | 2021 | Dr. Ólafur Eysteinn Sigurjónsson | Dr. Óttar Rólfsson, University of Iceland, Iceland; Dr. Sarah McGarrity, University of Iceland; Dr. James Yurkovich, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA | Engineering |
2020
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Miguel Antonio Urbaneja Torres | Electronic and optical properties of semiconductor nanowires with prismatic geometry | 2020 | Dr. Andrei Manolescu | Engineering |
2019
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eydís Huld Magnúsdóttir | Cognitive workload classification with psychophysiological signals for monitoring in safety critical situations | 2019 | Dr. Jón Gudnason | Dr. Kamilla Run Johansdóttir | Engineering |
| Muhammad Aziz Ul Haq | Geometry Modification Assessment and Design Optimization of Miniaturized Wideband Antennas | 2019 | Dr. Slawomir Koziel | Engineering | |
| Paul-Daniel Iordache | Genetic epidemiology of cancer in Romania | 2019 | Dr. Bjarni V. Halldórsson | Engineering | |
| Vijay Chauhan | Superheated Steam Scrubbing and Utilization for Power Generation | 2019 | Dr. Guðrún Arnbjörg Sævarsdóttir | Dr. María Sigríður Guðjónsdóttir | Engineering |
| Muhammad Taha Sultan | Highly photoconductive oxide films functionalized with GeSi nanoparticles | 2019 | Dr. Halldór Guðfinnur Svavarsson | Engineering |
2018
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Samuel Nicholas Perkin | Real-time weather-dependent probabilistic reliability assessment of the Icelandic power system | 2018 | Dr. Páll Jensson | Dr. Hlynur Stefánsson | Engineering |
| Joseph Lovecchio | Development of an innovative bioreactor system for human bone tissue engineering | 2018 | Dr. Paolo Gargiulo | Dr. Ólafur E. Sigurjónsson, Reykjavík University; Dr. Emanuele D. Giordano, University of Bologna, Italy | Engineering |
2017
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kyle Joseph Edmunds | Computational and mathematical modeling of medical images : advanced methods and applications in translational myology and surgical planning | 2017 | Dr. Paolo Gargiulo | Engineering |
2016
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| María Sigríður Guðjónsdóttir | Assessing relative permeabilities in geothermal reservoirs using theoretical relations, laboratory measurements and field data | 2016 | Dr. Guðrún Arnbjörg Sævarsdóttir | Dr. Halldór Pálsson | Engineering |
| Marjan Ilkov | Space-charge dynamics in microdiodes | 2016 | Dr. Ágúst Valfells | Engineering | |
| Rauan Meirbekova | Impurities and current efficiency in aluminum electrolysis | 2016 | Dr. Guðrún Arnbjörg Sævarsdóttir | Dr. Geir Martin Haarberg, Norwegian university | Engineering |
2015
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmad DIAB | Study of The Nonlinear Properties And Propagation Characteristics Of The Uterine Electrical Activity During Pregnancy And Labor | 2015 | Dr. Brynjar Karlsson | Dr. Catherine Marque, Prof., Université de Technologie de Compiègne | Engineering |
| Þórður Víkingur Friðgeirsson | Improvement of the governance and management of Icelandic public projects | 2015 | Dr. Brian Atkin | Engineering |
2014
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Florian Vitus Mueller | Linking solid particle packing of Eco-SCC to material performance | 2014 | Dr. Ólafur Wallevik | Engineering | |
| Ramona Lieder | Chitosan and chitosan derivatives in tissue engineering and stem cell biology | 2014 | Dr. Ólafur Eysteinn Sigurjónsson | Engineering | |
| Silja Rán Steinberg Sigurðardóttir | Optimization for sustainable utilization of low temperature geothermal systems | 2014 | Dr. Ágúst Valfells | Dr. Hlynur Stefánsson | Engineering |
2011
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mahmoud Hassan | Analysis of the propagation of uterine electrical activity applied to predict preterm labor | 2011 | Dr. Brynjar Karlsson | Engineering |
Department of Psychology
2025
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sigrún Þóra Sveinsdóttir | The interaction between HRV, mental resilience, and cognitive performance | 2025 | Dr. Kamilla Rún Jóhannsdóttir | Psychology | |
| Snæfríður Guðmundsdóttir Aspelund | Stress & cognitive function: Exploring the impact of PTSD and breast cancer on cognition and the potential benefit of bright light therapy | 2025 | Dr. Heiðdís B. Valdimarsdóttir | Dr. Birna Valborg Baldursdóttir | Psychology |
2024
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vaka Valsdóttir | Cognitive Performance, Cognitive Change, Brain Health, and Dementia: Associations with Risk Factors for Cognitive Aging | 2024 | Dr. María Kristín Jónsdóttir | Dr. María Kristín Jónsdóttir | Psychology |
2023
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Valgerður Kristín Eiríksdóttir | Decision aids to assist Icelandic men with PSA testing and prostate cancer treatment decision-making | 2023 | Dr. Heiðdís B. Valdimarsdóttir | Dr. Birna Valborg Baldursdóttir | Psychology |
| Paola Cardenas | Children and young asylum-seekers in Iceland : migration, psychosocial factors, and mental health | 2023 | Dr. Bryndís Björk Ásgeirsdóttir | Psychology | |
| Ingunn S. Unnsteinsdóttir Kristensen | Concussion history among Icelandic female athletes : mental health, cognition and possible concussion biomarkers | 2023 | Dr. María Kristín Jónsdóttir | Dr. Hafrún Kristjánsdóttir | Psychology |
2021
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sigrún Ólafsdóttir Flóvenz | Predicting work disability and the outcome of vocational rehabilitation : the role of persistent physical symptoms and mental health | 2021 | Dr. Jón Friðrik Sigurðsson | Psychology |
2020
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ingibjörg Eva Þórisdóttir | Social Media Use and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depressed Mood among Adolescents | 2020 | Dr. Inga Dóra Sigfúsdóttir | Psychology |
Department of Sport Science
2025
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Katrín Ýr Friðgeirsdóttir | The Role of Physical Activity and Exercise in Sleep-Disordered Breathing | 2025 | Dr. Jose M. Saavedra | Dr. Erna Sif Arnardóttir | Sport Science |
Department of Law
2015
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Milosz M. Hodun | Doctrine of Implied Powers as a Judicial Tool to Build Federal Polities | 2015 | Dr. Ragnhildur Helgadóttir | Law |
Department of Business & Economics
2025
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sanchit Pawar | Consumer Motivation from a Behavioural Perspective: Investigating The Impact of Antecedent States in Consumption Situations | 2025 | Dr. Susanne Durst | Business and Economics | |
| Samuel Foli | A Methodological Framework for the Assessment of Knowledge Risks | 2025 | Dr. Susanne Durst | Business and Economics | |
| Fabian Zimmermann | Technological Change in Wealth Management- The development of a conceptual CRM model for the HNWI client interaction under the consideration of AI | 2025 | Dr. Susanne Durst | Business and Economics |
2023
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Árni Valgarð Claessen | Decision Usefulness of Accounting Information and Compliance with Accounting Standards | 2023 | Dr. Stefan Wendt | Business and Economics |
2022
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Michal Krzysztof Folwarczny | Anticipated Food Scarcity and Food Preferences | 2022 | Dr. Valdimar Sigurðsson | Business and Economics |
2021
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catherine Elisabet Batt | Budgeting and the impact of context. Developments and perspectives | 2021 | Dr. Páll Melsted Ríkharðsson | Business and Economics |
2020
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kjartan Sigurðsson | Commitment to Social Responsibility, Reporting on Social Responsibility, and Social Innovation in For-Profit Businesses | 2020 | Dr. Marina Candi | Business and Economics |
2019
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aldís Guðný Sigurðardóttir | TACTICS IN B2B NEGOTIATIONS IN SMES | 2019 | Dr. Marina Candi | Business and Economics |
2017
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Twahir Mohammed Khalfan | Corporate Finance within Highly Concentrated Ownership | 2017 | Dr. Jón Þór Sturluson | Business and Economics | |
| Vishnu M. Ramachandran Girija | Consumer Behavior Analysis: Relevance and Implications for Digital Marketing | 2017 | Dr. Valdimar Sigurðsson | Business and Economics |
2016
| Author | Title & link to thesis | Publication Year | Supervisor | Co-Supervisor | Department |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Már Wolfgang Mixa | The Icelandic bubble and beyond: Investment lessons from history and cultural effects | 2016 | Dr. Vlad Vaiman | Business and Economics | |
| Markús Ingólfur Eiríksson | Auditing and corporate governance under conditions of financial distress | 2016 | Dr. Páll Melsted Ríkharðsson | Business and Economics |